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A

Appressed:

Pressed closely to the axis upward with angle of divergence 15° or less.

F

Fusiform:

Spindle-shaped, broadest in the middle and tapering to each end

I

Incurved:

Curved inward or upward.

L

Leaf sheaths:

Dry leaf like structures surrounding the base of a pine needle(s). Sheaths are permanent or deciduous. The soft pines, which are mostly 5-needled, possess decideous leaf sheaths, whereas the hard pines (mostly 2-3 needled) possess permanent sheaths.

N

Needles:

The needle-like leaves of pines.

O

Ovoid:

Egg-shaped.

R

Reflexed:

Bent or turned downward or backward.

Rosettes:

A circular arrangement of leaves or scales.

S

Serotinous:

Requiring the heat of a fire to release seeds from cones.

Stomata:

 Pore, found in the leaf and stem epidermis that is used for gas exchange and may be closed to retain moisture in the plant.

U

Umbo:

Projection, with or without spine or prickle, on the exposed outer surface of a cone scale as seen when the cone is closed.

Uninodal:

Spring shoot developing from the terminal winter bud and prodcuing only one internode with one whorl of branches at the end; the cones are subterminal at the end of the shoot.